Cortes-Ortiz et al. Some evidence suggests that mantled howler monkey populations are becoming robust once again. The population on Barro Colorado Island is one example, where it suffered a severe decline resulting from a yellow fever epidemic Collias and Southwick , but returned to a robust size by the late 's Nagy and Milton Also, evidence from La Pacifica, Costa Rica indicates that regenerating forest is becoming habitable to mantled howler monkeys, where dispersal and the formation of new social groups has been occurring Glander Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends.
Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a now extinct synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds. Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons or periodic condition changes.
Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal. Baldwin, J. Exploration and Play in Howler Monkeys -Alouatta palliata. Primates , 19 3 : Collias, N. A field study of the population density and social organization in howling monkeys.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , Cortes-Ortiz, L. Rodriguez-Luna, P. Analysis de Viabilidad de Poblaciones y de Habitat para -Alouatta palliata mexicana-. Neotropical Primates , 4 suppl. Estrada, A. Anzures, R.
American Journal of Primatology , Gebo, D. Locomotor and Postural Behavior in -Alouatta palliata- and -Cebus capucinus-. Glander, K. Costa Rican Natural History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
International Journal of Primatology , 13 4 : Feeding patterns in mantled howling monkeys. Foraging Behavior. Ecological, ethological and psychological approaches.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology , Jones, C. Primates , 20 2 : Neotropical Primates , 4 2 : There are five subspecies of mantled howler monkeys, some of which do not fare as well on their conservation status. This listing means it is "facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. While there is some hunting of the mantled howler monkey, the greatest overall threat to the primate's survival is habitat loss.
Mantled howler monkeys spend almost all of their time in the trees and are somewhat awkward in their movements on the ground. Luciana Oklander, biologist at the Institute of Subtropical Biology and the leading author of the paper, reflects on the significance of the study: "Based on the results of our work, we believe that the Red List's conservation status of the black-and-gold howler monkey should be upgraded to from Least Concern to Vulnerable.
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